Time is a curiosity to most; it appears to have a liner direction, and to be absolute, yet is relative to the observer and can theoretically be turned back. On the macro-level, nothing is Time reversible, yet on the sub-atomic level, everything appears to be. It is its one dimensional variable, but yet is one with space. These almost paradoxical statements can go on nearly for infinity, and they all serve to confuse whoever may attempt to ponder the topic of Time. So what then is time? Is it a physical force, or is it something beyond the physical? And why haven't physicists and philosophers figured this out?
To start, Time appears to be one directional insofar as human perceptions are concerned. Eggs don't fix themselves when dropped, rain does not go back into the clouds, etc. This phenomena being known as the "Arrow of Time" forms a key basis for our very existence, for we only have one chance at something, and are continually in a state that is moving towards our death. Yet science has been keen on trying got figure out whether this phenomena is indeed absolute, and for the longest time it seemed that way. While in the circles of philosophy this may have not been so, with some even going as far as to say that Time is merely the physical laws of the universe taking effect, the scientific community, up till pre-Relativistic times, thought Time to be absolute, flowing from on point to the next and never altering itself or moving in reverse. Indeed, this is the most appealing view as our sense experience of the world shows Time to be as such; impassable, ever moving, but always present. It was not until Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity and General Theory of Relativity that the assumptions of Newtonian physics began to be replaced by a more educated notion--one that stated that time and space existed as one, and that Time could be "changed" per se, given that proper gravitational distortion was available to curve Space-Time. Thus causing "gravitational time dilation" when Time flows through regions of differing gravitational potential. This alone shook such notions as "absolute" Time to their core, because they showed that at the very least, different regions of space have different flowing of Time at different "rates", so to speak. So to sum it up, clocks near larger (Think "larger" on the cosmic scale) will actually run slower due to the lower gravitational potentiality induced by the object, and vice versa.In fact, this very principle has been put to practice here on Earth. In an experiment, scientists took two atomic clocks, placing one at ground level and the other on a plane high in the air. The basic assumption prior to this was that since the clock on the ground is closer to a lower gravitational potentiality, it would run slower (As the saying goes, lower is slower), and they held the opposite to be true for the second clock since it was further from the low gravitational potentiality. This assumption was proven to be true, though only in the range of nanoseconds.
However gravitational time dilations is only the tip of the iceberg, and the implications of General and Special Relativity on the subject are far to arcane to spell out here. Though the last implication of the above (Among other things) is that Time is inherently relative. Not only to the observer's frame of reference but to the gravitational potentiality of the observer's frame of reference. So why then, if physicists know this much, does the "rest" elude them? To answer this, we must first make clear that what physicists have observed are merely that: observations. Nothing about the actual nature of Time has been found--save that it is relative. Whether it is ever lasting, whether it predates the big bang, etc., etc... None of these essential questions have yet to been shone a single thread of light on. But why?
To start off simply, because we can only observe the effects of Time. Time "itself" as not yet been inferred or observed and cannot be due to its apparent nature. This leaves us struggling to understand it, a reflection of which can be seen in the lack of a universal definition. A definition requires properties, something we largely lack in respects to Time. And this will likely stay the same, we can pin this on the fact that we simply don't have the means to study Time as we do, say, gravity. Likewise, the envisioning of time manipulation has been expectedly hazy, with only seemingly impossible theoretical models of how it could be done.